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I think one thing that I like about learning Chinese is that it doesn't make me feel as insane as learning Welsh or my heritage languages. I don't have the horrible burden and guilt of not being able to speak it, I can just do it for fun. I don't have any sort of family or personal attachment to it, I don't feel inadequate and shameful for not growing up knowing it. I can just learn it and have fun. I'm also having fun with Welsh and my heritage languages, but there is always this sickening feeling in my chest and in the back of my throat that I should know these. The horrible history of erasure and oppression of these languages is evident to me every time I think or write or just open my mouth and English is the language that comes out most naturally. Not Welsh. Not Cornish. Not Irish. Not Scots. I feel like with minoritised heritage languages, there's a certain pressure (at least in my experience) to get really good at them really fast, as if I have to prove in some way that I'm connected to them. 

I remember someone I knew online years ago who had grown up knowing 5 languages. He was from the Netherlands, and had a Hungarian parent and a French parent who met through Esperanto conventions, and he also learned English at school. So he grew up speaking Dutch, Hungarian, French, Esperanto, and English. And it always makes me think... Why didn't I get that? I'm from Wales, my father is Cornish, and my mother is Scottish and Irish. So why didn't I get to grow up speaking Welsh, Cornish, Irish, and Scots? Why is English my first language? I mean, I know the answer of course. But it makes me realise how children of immigrants of cultures with non-minoritised languages often have access to their heritage languages in a way I never did. Sure, French and Hungarian are minority languages in the Netherlands, but they're not in France and Hungary (well, Esperanto is a different case since it's not attached to a country in that way). But Welsh is very much a minoritised language in Wales, and Cornish in Cornwall, etc. Maybe not every child of immigrants is brought up speaking their parents' languages, or maybe they lose it as they grow up, but my family largely didn't even have access to their own languages theirselves, beyond a few words, in order to pass them on to me (with the exception being my Scots-speaking grandpa, but he still never passed it on). In the case of people from minoritised cultures, they don't even necessarily have the choice of what language to bring their children up in due to centuries of cultural genocide. Who even was the last person in my family to be raised in Cornish?

And I'm not having children, so I can't even break the cycle and bring up my children in their heritage languages. And I do experience guilt over that. Sometimes I wonder why I'm learning my heritage languages if I'll never pass them on, and never contribute to some sort of intergenerational healing in my family. It feels like what I've learned won't outlast me, and won't benefit any of the cultures I care about. I suppose I could teach others. Maybe encourage them to raise their children in those languages.

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My long-term language-learning goals are to:
  •     refine and polish my Welsh skills so I'm comfortably at a C1 level
  •     improve my knowledge of my heritage languages (Irish, Cornish, and Scots) to a fairly fluent level (at least B2)
  •     obtain at least an A2 level in the other three Celtic languages (Breton, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic)
  •     learn more about the ancient and medieval languages of Britain, Ireland, and the surrounding islands
  •     be able to read academic Celtic studies texts written in German and French.
My shorter-term goals (things I want to achieve within the next year) are:
  • take a Dysgu Cymraeg proficient-level course. I found this table for their level descriptors
  • read more books in Welsh
  • go to weekly Welsh-language meet-ups in my university town
  • read a book in Irish
  • finish Basic Irish: A Grammar and Workbook, and make good progress on the Intermediate Irish book
  • go to weekly Irish-language meet ups in my university town
  • take a Cornish exam in June (either Grade 1/A2 or Grade 2/B1.... I think I could try and go for Grade 2)
  • finish the Scots Open University course
  • start on the Luath Scots Learner book
  • finish Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook, and start on the intermediate one
  • try and go to another Celtic nation for a bit and speak the language there, probably a summer course next year, if I have the money

CEFR levels

Jul. 9th, 2025 11:43 am
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I've been reading this CEFR self-assessment grid to try and refamiliarise myself with what each level actually entails. I'm pretty sure that my Welsh is a B2 level, but I think I'm pushing into C1...? Maybe I'm being too generous.

With my Irish, I took an online placement test and got A1 (but I wasn't completely focused on the test to be honest), but looking at the grid I'd say I match A2 better, with possibly some of the B1 boxes too. But I feel like my Irish is not good enough to be completely described as being a B1 level.

And with Scots, my writing and speaking skills are probably A1, but I think my listening and reading skills are B1 or B2? Probably B1 actually. So let's just say that that evens out to A2 overall then, which is basically what I'd been describing my Scots level as anyway.

And I think for Cornish, A1/A2 is probably where my level is at.

I don't think I can really assess Old Irish (or other old languages) using the CEFR levels, since no one speaks it as a native language and I'm not having to use it or understand people in it. Although, saying that, this is making me think that it would be fun to make a website in Old Irish or some other old language that doesn't have modern-day terms, as a sort of linguistic experiment.

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Today I finished chapter 2 of 'German for Musicians', and did the 'Plurals' section on LingoDeer. I now know: how to conjugate regular present-tense verbs for all pronouns, numbers up to 1 million, enough to read/answer questions about someone's background/their studies related to music, plurals, and some basic things about cases!

I read chapter 4 of 'Linguistics: A Very Short Introduction'. I'm planning to read the sociolinguistics book in the same series next, or maybe the languages one.

Also, I was looking at this table we were shown at university last year about time spent on learning Welsh:



This chart uses Dysgu Cymraeg's naming of language levels:
Mynediad/Entry = A1
Sylfaen/Foundation = A2
Canolradd/Intermediate = B1
Uwch/Higher = B2
Hyfedredd/Proficiency = C1

The 'intensive' study category is 4 hours a week and will get you to 'proficiency' in 5 years, and the 'leisurely' category is 2 hours a week and will get you to 'proficiency' in 10 years. I've decided to sort the languages I'm learning into these categories, plus make up 2 of my own: 'casual' which is 1 hour a week, and 'whenever I have time'.

Intensive: Irish and German. I want both of these to improve a lot before I start back at university again.

Leisurely: Welsh. I would have put this in 'intensive' too but I don't want to risk burning myself out. I just want to keep using some Welsh over the summer since my family don't speak it. When university starts again, I'll probably put this one in intensive (since I'm going to count university classes towards the total time). I'll probably re-do the other languages and their categories once I'm back at university too.

Casual: Cornish and Scots. I'm having an hour-long Cornish lesson each week online, and I look at the Open University Scots course when I get the chance.

Whenever I have time: this category is basically just going to be for anything that takes my fancy that I want to look at, or revisit if it's a language I looked at a while ago. So Old Irish, maybe some Breton, Chinese, etc. I should probably have at least a little look at Old Irish since I'm planning on continuing with it in the next academic year.
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Coirnis

Faoi láthair, tá mé ag déanamh cúrsa bun-Choirnise ar líne. Thosaigh sé tús an míosa seo (Bealtaine), agus críochnóidh sé tús mhí Iúil. Ansin, i mí Mheán Fómhair/Deireadh Fómhair tá mé ag iarraidh an chéad rang eile a dhéanamh.


Albainis

Tá mé ag déanamh cúrsa Open University faoi láthair. Tá mé ag iarraidh é a chríochnú roimh mí Mhéan Fómhair.


Gearmáinis

Tá mé ag iarraidh rang Germáinise san ollscoill a dhéanamh, mar chuid den Theastas Ard-Oideachais i Nua-Theangacha. Rinne mé an tSínis i mbliana, ach tá mé ag iarraidh díriú ar Ghearmáinis an bhliain seo chugainn. Níl mé ag iarraidh bun-rang i deanga a dhéanamh arís, mar sin tá súil agam gur féidir liom Gearmáinis a fhoghlaim i m'aonar, agus ansin beidh mé ábalta meán-rang a dhéanamh san ollscoill.


Gaeilge

Tá mé ag iarraidh 'Basic Irish' le Nancy Stenson a chríochnú roimh tús an bhliain acadúil seo chugainn (mar sin, roimh deireadh mhí Mheán Fómhair/tús mhí Dheireadh Fómhair).


Breatnais

Tá mé ag iarraidh léamh níos mó sa mBreatnais. Freisin, beidh mé ag dul go Comhdháil Mhic Léinn na Ceiltise i mí Meithimh mar sin tá mé ag dul ag éisteacht le léachtaí sa mBreatnais.

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Seo iad mo phleananna le haighaidh foghlaim teangacha an bhliain seo agus an bhliain seo chugainn.


2025

An bhliain seo, thosaigh mé Sean-Ghaeilge i mí Eanáir, agus déanfaidh mé í an téarma seo (críochnóidh an téarma i mí Bealtaine). Is rang tosaitheoirí é, ach níl mé cinnte an féidir liom an meánrang a dhéanamh i mí Dheireadh Fómhair. Tá mé ag staidéar go páirtaimseartha anois, mar sin tá mé ag déanamh leath mo thríú bliana i 2024/2025, agus ansin tá mé ag déanamh an leath eile i 2025/2026. Níl a fhios agam an féidir liom an meánrang i 2025/2026 a dhéanamh, nó nach foláir dom a fanacht go dtí 2026/2027 (an chéad leath mo cheathrú bliana).

Tá mé ag déanamh Breatnaise agus Gaeilge fós. Tá mé ag déanamh ranganna Breatnaise san ollscoil, agus níl mé ag déanamh ranganna Gaeilge san ollscoil an téarma seo ach téim go ranganna mhic léinn eile. Bíonn mo mhúinteoirí ag múineadh i mBreatnais, mar sin is féidir liom mo Bhreatnais a chleachtadh i ngach rang. Ba mhaith liom rang aistriúchán Breatnaise a dhéanamh i mí Dheireadh Fómhair, agus beidh mé ag dul go na ranganna Gaeilge eile fós.

Tá mé ag déanamh Sínise an téarma seo, freisin. Críochnóidh na ranganna i mí Aibreáin. Ansin, i mí Bealtaine, ba mhaith liom ranganna Coirnise a thosú. Tá na ranganna ar líne. Ní maith liom ranganna ar líne a dhéanamh, ach is fearr liom a bheith ag foghlaim le rang agus múinteoir ná foghlaim i m'aonar. Tosóidh na ranganna i mí Bealtaine agus críochnóidh siad i mí Iúil.

I mí Lúnasa nó mí Mheán Fómhair, ba mhaith liom Albainis a thosú. Rinne mé beagán Albainise cheana féin, ach tá mé ag iarraidh foghlaim i gceart.


2026

Tá níos lú pleanna i 2026 agam, ach ba mhaith liom a bheith ag foghlaim Gearmáinise agus Jèrriais (Fraincis Geirsí).
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Dyma fy "wishlist" ieithoedd! Dyma'r ieithoedd i gyd hoffwn i ddysgu (* = ieithoedd fi'n dysgu/gwybod yn barod).
  • Cymraeg *
  • Gwyddeleg *
  • Cernyweg *
  • Scoteg (* weithiau)
  • Tsieinëeg *
  • Almaeneg
  • Jèrriais
  • Ffinneg
  • Slofaceg
  • Wcreineg
  • (Islandeg, falle...)
Sai'n credu dim ond 11 fi wedi rhoi ar y rhestr, gallwn i wedi cynnwys mwy'n hawdd.
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Sai rîli yn neud New Year's Resolutions ond eleni fi moyn:

  • Cyrraedd C1 yn Gymraeg (fi'n meddwl mod i wedi bod B2 ers talwm, felly hoffwn i gael C1 cyn bo hir. Fi angen dysgu mwy o eirie, yn bendant).
  • Cyrraedd B1 yn Wyddeleg (B2, falle? Gobeitho, ond ma' B1 yn fwy tebygol).
  • Cyrraedd A2 yn Gernyweg. Fi moyn dechre neud gwersi ar-lein hefyd, falle. Os bydda i'n gallu ymdopi 'da fy mhryder ynghylch gwersi ar-lein.
  • Neud yr arholiad HSK1 ar gyfer Tsieinëeg..? Ma' fy athrawes Tsieinëeg wedi gweud bod rhywun yn cynnig dysgu'r deunydd, felly basai'n neis i gael y cymhwyster.
  • Actiwli trial dechre dysgu Sgoteg 'da mwy o ymdrech.
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it does amaze me somewhat just how unfamiliar english people seem to be with the minority languages of britain and ireland. english people love to talk about how our languages looks unpronounceable and impenetrable or whatever, and in some cases aren't even aware of some minority languages' existence (usually seems to be the romance languags of the channel islands, angloromani, and scots they're the most unaware of. or at least scots is just assumed to be some sort of funny, uneducated dialect of english). which feels just bizarre and insulting, how are you so unaware of us and our languages and cultures, when we're your neighbours and when we even live amongst you in england? you've spent hundreds of years trying to eradicate us, and now you can't even acknowledge our existence, and make jokes about your ignorance, and don't even care to learn our languages when we all have to speak yours? when i meet people from outside these islands and i talk about celtic studies and the other non-celtic languages here, they always seem really interested and ask me questions and think it's so cool how english isn't the only language/culture around here, despite the fact that that's what they've assumed. but english people just do not seem to care as much, despite the fact that they've been our neighbours for hundreds of years. it's hard to feel a sense of comradery as a "united kingdom" or even as a wider "british isles" when english people behave like that about us.
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First of all, "Celtic blood" and "Celtic DNA" are not something that exist. Quite frankly, that is a white supremacist idea (unfortunately a lot of those seem to get into Celtic-related spaces...)

At it's most sinister, blood percentage is used in places like America to rob Native peoples of their Native identifies if they have below a certain percentage of Native ancestry. Regardless of if they've lived their entire lives brought up by other Native Americans and are very much a part of their culture. The ultimate aim of this is to completely erase Native American cultures, languages, histories, and anyone who identifies with them. Which is genocide.

I won't tolerate those kinds of people who love to talk about their "Celtic warrior blood" or whatever when that ideology lines up with fascism and eugenics.

Your lived experiences with a culture are what make you a part of said culture, not what's in your DNA. Modern Celtic identity is based on the presence of a modern Celtic language, not on DNA.

It is very frustrating when I see Celtic diasporas (mostly Irish/Scottish diasporas in America) claim they're allowed to call themselves Irish because they have "10.5% Irish blood" or whatever, but then turn around and say that immigrants who actually live in Ireland are not really Irish, or that the children of immigrants who have lived in Ireland their whole lives aren't really Irish either.

I identify as Welsh because I was born and raised in Wales. Quite frankly, it would be weird if I didn't identify with the country I've lived in my whole life. But that doesn't mean I can't also identify with my family's cultures. My family are Cornish, Scottish, and Irish, and I identify as Cornish/Scottish/Irish diaspora because I was raised by my family from those places. I do not identify with those places because of my "blood percentage".

My mam is from Scotland and has an Irish mother and a Scottish father. She also identifies as Welsh because she lives in Wales and it's her home. She has a right to learn Welsh and to call herself Welsh. I also have family in Wales who weren't from Wales originally, and who still don't identify as Welsh. And that is entirely their own choice.

I also have an English great-great-grandfather and an Ulster Scots great-great-grandfather. Whatever "percentage English" or "percentage Ulster Scots" that makes me, I don't care. My English and Ulster Scots ancestors passed away long before I was born. I wasn't raised by them and I don't identify with those cultures. I identify as having English and Ulster Scots heritage, because they are undeniably part of my family history, although they are not really that relevant to me. My English great-great-grandfather moved to Ireland after the famine, and my Ulster Scots great-great-grandfather moved to Scotland around a similar time. Obviously this was long before I was born, and I didn't know them at all. I haven't had any relatives in Northern Ireland since pre-partition, and the culture of the north has changed a lot since then, and I'm not going to claim I somehow have innate knowledge or am some sort of authority on modern things like the Troubles.

The Celtic Nations and languages are for everyone, whether they were born here or if they chose to make a Celtic Nation their home later in life.

We can't cry about how we are oppressed, and then turn around and act absolutely vile towards other minorities.

We can't cry about how hardships in our Celtic Nations forced people to emigrate to other countries, and then turn around and get angry at immigrants coming to the Celtic Nations who are also looking to escape hardships in their home countries.

How hypocritical is that?

My mam's side of the family have only been in Wales since the mid-1980's, and my dad moved later, but because I am white I am seen to "belong" to Wales more than non-white people. I know non-white people who are first language Welsh speakers and whose families have been in Wales for much longer than mine. But their Welshness is brought into question a lot more than mine is. Both them and me are Welsh. Someone who moves to Wales tomorrow and makes this country their home is also Welsh and belongs here just as much as the rest of us.

Although I have had the odd person be weird to me about my cultural background, it's not anything like what I've seen non-white Welsh people receive. It puzzles me how other white people in Celtic Nations can claim they experience racism, when surely they can clearly see how much worse non-white people in Celtic Nations get treated. Do they forget the word xenophobia exists? Or even anti-Irish sentiment or Celtophobia? At worse, white Celtic people claiming they experience racism are actively making it harder for non-white Celtic people to talk about their experiences of racism within the Celtic Nations (that they receive from white Celtic people).

How are you not aware of what other people in your own country are experiencing? Are you really such a self-centred hypocrite that you'll (rightfully) complain about how people ignore the oppression that Celtic Nations and Celtic languages have faced, but then ignore minorities within our nations who are also suffering?

And what does "(whatever)% blood" actually mean practically for you? Culture isn't passed down through DNA, it's something you usually learn from the people raising you (and the country you live in, if the county's culture is different to your family's). A couple of times I've had people tell me I'm not really Welsh even though I've lived my entire life here, just because I was the first person in the family born in Wales. The blood percentage model leaves no room for my Welshness and my lived experience being raised in Wales, just because I'm not "ethnically Welsh".

When I get called "half-Cornish" because my dad is from Cornwall, what does that even mean? Which half of me? People with multiple cultural identities like me should be celebrating them all, not splitting ourselves in to fractions and percentages. We should be celebrating our abundance of cultural experiences and connections, both to the place we're from and the places our families are from.

If you are a member of any Celtic diaspora and want to identify with that place, then go ahead, but you need to actually put in the work to be part of that culture. Learn the history and the language, read the literature, and very importantly learn about the modern culture of that place especially if you have no living relatives from there. The culture will have changed a lot if your ancestors emigrated 100 years or 200 years or however long ago.

Don't just say you're Irish-American/Scottish-American/etc as some sort of claim of being a minority, while putting in absolutely no effort to be a part of or to help save that oppressed culture that you claim to care about. Being a part of a culture means that you have to do the difficult things that are also part of it, not just the easy things that benefit you or that you can use to seem more "interesting" or "exotic" or "minoritised" or whatever.

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a strange trend i see is to call english a "non-native" or "non-indigenous" language to britain, which is bizarre as the english language very much is from britain. the english language as we know it evolved here as a distinct language from what was spoken by the anglo-saxons who settled here, so i would very much say that makes it an indigenous language. a language that is native/indigenous to britain just mean that the language originates from britain, it doesn't necessarily have to also mean that the language is marginalised. and how far back are you prepared to go before something is no longer considered native to the area? the ancestors of speakers of modern celtic languages were likely from the european continent, and even further back both english and the celtic languages come from proto-indo-european, so are none of them "really" native to britain in that case, if they have a traceable root from somewhere else?

and it's strange bc english and scots both come from the same germanic roots, but i never see anyone claiming that scots isn't actually native to britain/scotland bc of those roots. whereas some people (online and those i've talked to irl) are happy to claim that english isn't actually native to england bc it evolved from old english which ultimately evolved from the germanic languages brought over by anglo-saxons. and old english is also what scots evolved from, so scots shares those same roots.

i suppose maybe it's not that strange, bc the internet is very american, so i suppose people are taking the model of america and it's indigenous languages and applying it to britain, when it isn't exactly the same situation.

[edit: i should have clarified with that last point - in the case of somewhere like america or new zealand, their indigenous languages are all minoritised, but in somewhere like britain that is not the case.]

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there are 6 modern celtic languages spoken today, which can be divided into 2 branches: goidelic/gaelic and brittonic/brythonic.

the goidelic/gaelic languages:
  • gaeilge / gaeilg / gaeilic / gaelainn / irish / irish gaelic / gaelic*
  • gàidhlig / scottish gaelic / scots gaelic / gaelic**
  • gaelg / manx
*irish has a number of different regional names for it in irish

**scottish gaelic can just be called gaelic, which helps distinguish it from scots (a germanic language related to english with different varieties spoken in scotland and ulster). scots is not a celtic language so it isn't related to scottish gaelic, but nevertheless people still get them confused with each other.

the brittonic/brythonic languages:
  • cymraeg / welsh
  • brezhoneg / breton
  • kernewek / kernowek / kernûak / cornish***
*** modern revived cornish has a number of different orthographies

other points:
  • the celtic nations refers to the places where these 6 modern celtic languages are spoken: ireland, scotland, the isle of man, wales, brittany, and cornwall.
  • celtic identity is very tied to the presence of a modern celtic language. there is nothing that all of the celtic nations have in common that isn't also shared by some other cultures, except for a celtic language. places without a modern celtic language are not celtic. a large part of europe and parts of west asia were celtic-speaking in the past, but it does not make them celtic now. there is no such thing as a "culturally celtic but not celtic-speaking" country/region.
  • (also the hallstatt and la tène archaeological cultures and their spread cannot be reliably linked 1:1 with the spread of celtic cultures, nor can their art reliably be labelled as "celtic art")
  • celtic languages and the cultures and histories attached to them are not interchangeable with each other. there is no one singular "celtic culture".
  • gaelic does not mean the same thing as celtic. welsh, breton, and cornish are celtic languages, but they are not gaelic languages. "welsh gaelic" is not a thing.

along with scots and ulster scots, there are a number of non-celtic minority languages that are spoken in the celtic nations, including british sign language, irish sign language, shelta, angloromani, welsh kalá, scots-romani, and gallo (in brittany). and near-by on the channel islands, there's also guernésiais, jèrriais, and sercquiais. historically, auregnais was also spoken on the channel island alderney; norn in the shetland and orkney islands; and yola and fingallian in ireland.

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S.H.M. Mac Giolla Íosa Gilbert

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